Causes & Effects of MDR-TB for Tuberculosis and Resistance

Question: Talk about theCauses Effects of MDR-TB for Tuberculosis and Resistance. Answer: Conceptual MDR-TB is the short type of Multi Drug Resistant TB. As the name proposes, MDR-TB is a particular condition where somebody gets impervious to TB drugs. There are essentially two essential TB drugs. These are the isoniazid (INH), and the other one is rifampicin (RMP). At the point when somebody is supposed to be impervious to TB drugs, it implies that these two medications can no longer mitigate the conditions. There is consistently a solid suspicion of medication opposition, particularly where an individual had a past filled with treatment disappointments or only a stopped treatment. Catchphrases: Tuberculosis, Resistance, MDR-TB, Isoniazid, Rifampicin Causes Effects of MDR-TB MDR-TB is a tuberculosis obstruction conditions that create as a significant level non-reaction to the two medications, the isoniazid, and rifampicin. Right now, Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major irresistible which is causing the worldwide mortality. Many accept that nonadherence to the treatment and is the fundamental driver of MDR-TB. Regardless of that, there has never been a sound explanation with regards to why patients result to nonadherence. Reasons for MDR-TB There are for the most part three reasons for MDR-TB. A portion of these are the mistakes in the clinical field, fundamental microbiology, and patient rebelliousness (Gnther et al., 2016). Central microbiology is concerned more with microbiological adjustments. That is the advancing idea of the living life form. Gagneux, (2012) states that bacterial pathogens advance in the human hosts and there is nothing that can forestall such turn of events. Be that as it may, individuals can address the clinical mistakes and urge tolerant consistence to forestalled the adjustment. In clinical science, pathogens procure medicate opposition from specific hereditary transformations. This alteration empowers them to withstand the nearness of their partner drugs. In sociology, the inability to endorse right medication routine to the patient, or their rebelliousness with the necessary medication plan permits TB pathogens to secure medication safe change (Thomas et al., 2016). Hence, access to precise general wellbeing administrations and compelling chemotherapy is one central factor for the decrease of MDR-TB plagues (Banin, Hughes Kuipers, 2017). Absence of mindfulness and appropriate TB treatment is a noteworthy factor for the development of MDR-TB. This case is obvious in an inappropriate utilization of the open enemy of TB medications and DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short Course). The investigation of (Trauner, Borrell, Reither Gagneux, 2014) found that restricted information on TB treatment chemotherapeutic techniques because of ill-advised clinical preparing. Studies show this could likewise have greatly affected the spread of MDR-TB on the grounds that inadequately prepared wellbeing suppliers cause an inappropriate solution. Customers rebelliousness with TB tranquilize treatment plan is another determinant to the development of MDR-TB cases. Clinical rebelliousness can likewise be accused to patients' the absence of mindfulness with respect to TB ailment. An investigation by (Desai, Jain, Solanki Dikshit, 2014) found that absence of sufficient patient advising prompted the absence of the comprehension of the need to stick to the clinical arrangement. Additionally, another conceivable reason for patients resistance is the financial elements. For example, (Thomas et al., 2016) found that in spite of the free enemy of TB drugs from the administration, a few patients with aspiratory TB may confront some monetary issues paying for strengthening assessments. They may likewise be not able to pay for different medications for managing extreme TB sedate reactions. Further, the TB-drugs routine of the drawn out taking of various medications demonstrates hard for certain patients to follow. Besides, there are restricted down to earth general wellbeing norms, assuming any, for dealing with those TB patients who have obtained the contamination of MDR while as yet experiencing the customary enemy of TB treatment (Thomas et al., 2016). There is a chance of the spread of MDR-TB strain from the rising MDR-TB patients. On the off chance that something like this occurs, it causes the wellbeing administrations to manage an instance of new TB patients accompanying MDR-TB rather than the standard TB. Impacts of MDR-TB Overseeing MDR-TB is more required than dealing with the normal TB. MDR-TB requires intravenous organization which is not so much effective but rather more poisonous when contrasted and the customary TB drugs treatment. MDR-TB cases have high mortality, and treatment takes an all-encompassing period. Thus, patients and their families endure loss of business, social segregation, long haul mental and financial impacts. Financial Effects of Treatment A few managers are prejudiced to low execution, wiped out leaves, and missed work days. Therefore, they can decide to end the agreement dependent on absence of considerable execution at work which makes a gigantic loss of salary (Wingfield et al., 2016). If not ending the agreement, they may hang tight for the finish of the residency of the agreement and decline to reestablish it with the patient. Additionally, some decide to diminish the patients pay. Then again, a few patients are so powerless to keep working, or they might be not able to work because of the impacts of MDR-TB drugs (Laurence, Griffiths Vassall, 2015). Because of need or limited monetary salary, patients result to looking for money related help from relatives or companions. Mental Effects MDR-TB patients feel sadness and dreadful. Now and then, MDR-TB is even inaccessible, and a few patients can't bear to pay. Patients likewise have a dread of death or influencing their relatives with the infection (Khanal et al., 2017). Numerous patients additionally become troubled with the new style of living. MDR-TB treatment transforms somebody resting game plans. Patients likewise eat alone, and they can't stay near their companions or family members. These results cause patients to feel burdensome and important (Khanal et al., 2017). Be that as it may, this just happens to certain patients as others from understanding families don't encounter disconnection. In (Laurence, Griffiths Vassall, 2015), the examination finds that the financial impacts of MDR-TB talked about above as reasons for physiological impacts, for example, stress and nervousness. Social Effects of Diagnosis and Treatment Each MDR-TB endures an effect on their public activity from the beginning of finding and in the perseverance of the treatment (van Hoorn, Jaramillo, Collins, Gebhard van cave Hof, 2016). Patients change in the manner they communicate with other, the manner in which they see themselves and the beginning of the failure to remain contributing in normal social exercises. Disgrace likewise emerges from misconception and social objection to the patients attributes and the convictions and standards of the way of life (Cremers et al., 2015). For example, patients additionally experience the ill effects of loved ones who think MDR-TB is infectious even while in the outdoors. Much after an assurance that MDR-TB is non-irresistible, loved ones despite everything think about patients as risky. End MDR-TB has now become a worldwide issue. Most striking occurrences are coming about because of two cases. Either from the doctor slip-ups or absence of patients consistence with the helpless TB treatment methodology. There is an incredible need to instruct patients on the danger of rebelliousness, and furthermore execute powerful techniques for countering doctor mix-ups of an inappropriate medicine. References Gagneux, S. (2012). Host-pathogen coevolution in human tuberculosis.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,367(1590), 850859. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0316 Trauner, A., Borrell, S., Reither, K., Gagneux, S. (2014). Advancement of Drug Resistance in Tuberculosis: Recent Progress and Implications for Diagnosis and Therapy.Drugs,74(10), 10631072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-014-0248-y Jain, K., Desai, M., Solanki, R., Dikshit, R. K. (2014). Treatment result of normalized routine in patients with multidrug safe tuberculosis.Journal of Pharmacology Pharmacotherapeutics,5(2), 145149. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-500X.130062 Wingfield, T., Tovar, M., Huff, D., Boccia, D., Montoya, R., Ramos, E. et al. (2016). The financial impacts of supporting tuberculosis-influenced family units in Peru. European Respiratory Journal, 48(5), 1396-1410. https://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00066-2016 Laurence, Y., Griffiths, U., Vassall, A. (2015). Expenses to Health Services and the Patient of Treating Tuberculosis: A Systematic Literature Review. Pharmacoeconomics, 33(9), 939-955. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40273-015-0279-6 Gnther, G., Lange, C., Alexandru, S., Altet, N., Avsar, K., Bang, D. et al. (2016). Treatment Outcomes in Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. New England Journal Of Medicine, 375(11), 1103-1105. https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmc1603274 Thomas, B., Shanmugam, P., Malaisamy, M., Ovung, S., Suresh, C., Subbaraman, R. et al. (2016). Psycho-Socio-Economic Issues Challenging Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis Patients: A Systematic Review. PLOS ONE, 11(1), e0147397. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147397 Khanal, S., Elsey, H., King, R., Baral, S., Bhatta, B., Newell, J. (2017). Improvement of a Patient-Centered, Psychosocial Support Intervention for Multi-Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) Care in Nepal. PLOS ONE, 12(1), e0167559. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167559 van Hoorn, R., Jaramillo, E., Collins, D., Gebhard, A., van cave Hof, S. (2016). The Effects of Psycho-Emotional and Socio-Economic Support for Tuberculosis Patients on Treatment Adherence and Treatment Outcomes A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE, 11(4), e0154095. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154095 Cremers, A. L., de Laat, M. M., Kapata, N., Gerrets, R., Klipstein-Grobusch, K., Grobusch, M. P. (2015). Evaluating the Consequences of Stigma for Tuberculosis Patients in Urban Zambia. PLoS ONE, 10(3), e0119861. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119861 Cremers, A. L., de Laat, M. M., Kapata, N., Gerrets,

English 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

English 2 - Essay Example In the event that without a doubt it is discovered that soccer is a decent method to help upset adolescents, that reality will give a significant motivator to governments to put more cash in these sorts of recreational exercises. This life account shows the influence soccer has had on one of the record-breaking incredible players. Beckham demonstrates that soccer kept him on a best way to live. This book is useful for foundation data. This book gives a lot of data on the expert part of soccer. Meetings in it with players show that the game molded their lives in a positive way. This is useful for foundation. Another valuable true to life book that shows the effect of the game on the life of Pele. This gives knowledge into how soccer impacts youngsters experiencing childhood in the Third World. Models in this book are helpful. Another significant glance at issues endured by teenagers. This book examines restrained exercises, for example, sports which can help pained youngsters. A lot of knowledge is given by the creator. Another review of how grieved youth can be brought into athletic exercises at schools. This book gives counsel to specialists and propose systems to incorporate estranged young people. Sports can be a major piece of

How to Overcome the Impact of OCD on Your Relationship

How to Overcome the Impact of OCD on Your Relationship OCD Living With OCD Print How to Overcome the Impact of OCD on Your Romantic Relationship By Owen Kelly, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 19, 2019 Mark John / Getty Images More in OCD Living With OCD Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Related Conditions If you have obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD?), you know that your symptoms can often get in the way of establishing and maintaining romantic relationships. Indeed, many individuals with OCD are single, and those who are in a relationship or married often report a significant amount of relationship stress. Of course, not every person with OCD is the same. But if symptoms of your OCD are posing a serious challenge to your love life, there are ways of coping. Why OCD Can Be a Barrier to Romantic Relationships There are many ways in which OCD can get in the way of romantic relationships. For example, you may have challenges maintaining your self-esteem and may struggle with feelings of shame around your symptoms, which can lead you to avoid contact with others.?? In addition, you may feel that you have to conceal the nature of your obsessions and compulsions to avoid rejection by a potential or current romantic partner. Your obsessions or compulsions may even revolve around your romantic partner, which can make it especially difficult to reveal the nature of your symptoms. Clearly, this secrecy is going to stand in the way of an open, honest, and intimate relationship. Symptoms of depression, which are not uncommon in OCD, can also make it difficult to establish and maintain intimate relationships.?? Of course, for many individuals, sexual intimacy is a crucial aspect of any romantic relationship. However, as you may have experienced, OCD symptoms can interfere with sexual relations. For example, you may experience obsessions related to contamination (like the cleanliness of your partner’s genital area) or disturbing sexual themes (such as sexual assault) that make it very difficult to engage in sexual relations with your partner. Not surprisingly, people with OCD are often sexually avoidant and sexually dissatisfied in their relationships.?? OCD and Sexual Intimacy How to Cope With OCD to Enjoy a Healthy Relationship Although OCD does pose many challenges to forming, maintaining, and enjoying a romantic relationship, there are ways to cope. Manage your symptoms.  The severity of OCD symptoms is positively associated with the inability to establish and maintain a romantic relationship. As such, an important and necessary first step toward working a little romance into your life is to effectively treat your symptoms. Be sure to review your treatment plan with your doctor, psychologist, or other mental health professional to ensure you are undertaking the best possible course of treatment.Consider psychotherapy.  In addition to managing symptoms of OCD, psychotherapy can provide a useful framework for working on areas of challenge such as low self-esteem, difficulty being assertive, poor social skills, and a lack of self-confidence that could be impeding your ability to start or maintain a stable, long-term relationship.??Get your partner involved.  If youre already in a romantic relationship, it may be helpful for your partner to take a more active role in your treatment. The doctor or therapist’s office can be a safe a nd neutral venue to discuss the symptoms youre experiencing, particularly those that might be embarrassing or standing in the way of establishing or building intimacy. The more your partner understands your symptoms, the more you will be able to trust one another.Maintain open and honest communication.  Whether you have OCD or not, open and honest communication is the foundation of any romantic relationship. This is especially important when your symptoms are intensifying or have changed. Your partner needs to know what you are experiencing. Not being aware of the challenges youre facing could lead to misunderstandings (like he/she doesn’t find me attractive anymore) that get in the way of building intimacy and trust.Join a support group.  Community support groups for OCD can be excellent sources of social support and provide an opportunity to hear how others are dealing with feelings of isolation or embarrassment. Although it may be tempting to date someone you have met through a  support group, proceed with caution. Many support groups have rules in place to protect the confidentially of attendees and may actively discourage relationships (even casual friendships) outside of the group setting. If you find the support group to be of value and the relationship ends, it may be difficult for one or both of you to return to the group. Living Well With OCD

The Role Of Media Coverage On The Media - 1399 Words

While analysing media ownership, it resulted clear how proprietorial influence plays an important role in citizens’ lives. It is not just a matter of controlling the news outcome but it also directly influences politics where media coverage is essential for the spreading of ideas. Regarding this topic, the perfect example in position of power is Rupert Murdoch, a man whose only cravings are power and control, a man who has built an empire from the ground earning a position of international respect and importance. He has become the face of the news, or more accurately, the man behind the news. Every single person that works for him is subjected to is halo of influence even when he is not around. Politicians fear his power because it can affect their careers, freedom of the press activists sill dream of the day his massive empire will disaggregate. Today’s news is overall influenced by five major companies; therefore, the questions arises spontaneously: can we trust what we read? Media ownership, as concentration of power in the hands of one individual, is considered antidemocratic because it restricts media diversity and becomes an issue for social justice and democracy itself (Freedman, 2012). For instance Silvio Berlusconi, ex Italian Prime Minister, ‘maintains control of all but one of the country’s national TV channels and a sizable piece of its publishing industry while holding office’ (Randall, 2015) making impossible for the citizen to rely on the news as it wasShow MoreRelatedMedia Coverage of the Emmitt Till Murder Played a Major Role in the Civil Rights Movement1203 Words   |  5 Pageswas not until this young boy suffered an appalling murder in Mississippi that the eyes of a nation were irrevocably opened to the ongoing horrors of racism in the South. It sparked the beginning of a flourish of both national and international media coverage of the Civil Rights violations in America. 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Wit h technology becoming more and more a n integral part of the daily life of a person, this subject will become that much more relevant. We live in a time where almost every person in the developing

Family Is The Most Significant Impact On My Life - 876 Words

Family is my everything. Family has shaped both my character and my identity; however, my sister has had the most significant impact on me. My sister, Jordan, and I grew up as any typical sisters would. We never saw eye to eye and fought over who borrowed whose shirt. That all changed the summer going into my freshman year of high school and her freshman year of college. Jordan’s dream college was Arizona State University and unfortunately we were still living in Colorado at the time. My family was in nowhere of a financial position to be sending her out of state. We were faced with the ultimatum of either moving to Arizona or sacrificing her college dream. The move to Arizona was mutually difficult for us. For the first time we were both in a vulnerable state of mind and it was essential to rely on each other for support. This situation taught me about the importance of sacrifice. I was a tenacious and selfish teenager who needed to learn what it meant to sacrifice for loved ones. That is something Jordan enlightened me on. That first year rapidly changed the dynamic of our sisterhood. She was no longer solely my sister; but, she was my ally, therapist, critic, teacher, and most of all best friend. Each year that I mature, I learn and strive to me more like my sister. She has influenced my identity even more than I would perceive possible. She has taught me to be strong. In the middle of high school, my parents had decided to get a divorce. This decision opened up an entireShow MoreRelatedOpen Letter1115 Words   |  5 Pagessuch a medium in order to make an impact, I am not surprised to learn that this may hinder more than help. This is not to vilify those involved or even take sides in an issue that honestly affects currently half a million people, but in the long run may impact millions. This is a letter to put a back story to those forgotten by the issue at hand, the student affected by a five week strike of Ontario Colleges. 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Effects Of Globalization On An Organization Free Essays

string(121) " the existing literature was discussed by the group members to reach a consensus on what to include on the final report\." 1.0 Introduction Globalization is the process of international integration resulting from continuous interchange of ideas, cultural aspects, products and other world views. The process of globalization in the modern day has been caused by the advancement in transport, infrastructure and telecommunication sector. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects Of Globalization On An Organization or any similar topic only for you Order Now The invention of the internet has led to the massive international integration promoting trade and various political interests. The development of global monetary systems such as PayPal and Visa has accelerated economic integration among several countries in the world. The continued growth in mobile telephony has also provided convenience in the globalization process through allowing global routing of voice and data. In the modern day, people are able to network and conduct business across the globe from the comfort of their homes. The process of globalization has greatly influenced the normal business and organization’s operations with several organizations being forced to adjust to several changes in order to remain relevant and profitable in the current global markets. The research question the report will be seeking to explore is: – what are the effects of globalization to an organization? Considering the numerous international changes that have taken place because of globalization in political and economic front, it is very paramount to establish the response of various organizations to the same changes. Therefore, this report is very appropriate because it seeks to expand the study and focus on individual firms. Globalization has brought about a sea of opportunities for organizations to exploit, but has also brought about several challenges too. There have been reported cases of loss of culture, insecurity and unemployment among many other challenges. This research will seek to identify several negative and positive effects of globalization in the context of an organization. The entire issue of globalization is very broad and is therefore impossible to comprehensively exhaust it. However, the study will seek to streamline on a number of positive and negative effects of globalization on an organization and leave room for further study on the topic. 2.0 Literature review According to Theodore Levitt (1983), the difference in preference in business and consumer patterns would eventually disappear ushering in an era of global production of goods and services. This prediction has been realized in the 21st century whereby most of the firms develop products with a global perspective. The global integration foreseen by Theodore in the 1980s has provided a myriad of opportunities to organizations in the modern era. A report by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2003 indicated that globalization has resulted in increased productivity due to the increasing international trade. Several trade agreements enabling entry of non-tariff barriers for products from various sources within the globe have been accented opening a new page in the global trade. This move has increased industrial developments within member countries. Rodrik (1997) argues that the introduction of non-tariff barriers has led to accelerated economic growth in the developing countries because of availability of markets for their products. Most established multinational firms have found it cost-effective to relocate to developing countries to establish plants there in order to cut the cost of labour. This has resulted in the creation of employment opportunities to the people in the country these firms are established. Availability of the outsourced labour has increased on their profitability as documented by Rodrick (1997). Accord ing to Stiglitz (2003), relocation of multinational companies to developing countries has increased pressure on the labour market resulting to massive restructuring of the firms in the developed countries. Globalization has enabled most of production to migrate from mass production under Fordism to customized and value added products in the current post Fordism era in order to satisfy the growing customer base. In the current dispensation, product branding and brand development has taken centre stage outshining the actual product development. According to (Klein, 2000), most of the corporations in the modern era have invested a lot of money in branding and brand establishment through advertisements and sponsorships. The aspect of value addition has resulted in an urgent need for adequate market researchers to satisfy the ever changing consumer’s needs fully (Klein, 2000). Technology has been embraced by most corporations as a result of globalized markets. The stiff competition within the global market has led most corporations to seek alternative methods to reduce on cost of production. As outlined earlier most firms have opted to relocate to places where the cost of labour is considerably cheap according to (Stiglitz, 2003), but still technology has been embraced as a tool to reduce on the cost of production. Most firms have computerized their operations reducing the cost of labour and used the computer networks to seek markets for their products hence reducing on advertisement and promotions costs. To cut the cost of middle-men, firms have opted to embrace technology according to (Thomas, 2000) According to (Carr Chen, 2001), most organizations have been able to tap on availability of integrated systems of global standardization to advance to new markets. An integrated intellectual property rights and patent systems allow an organization to retain their intellectual property rights anywhere in the world provided they are registered. This has helped curb piracy and duplication of copyrighted materials. Therefore, the parent organizations are given an opportunity to venture new markets without undue harassments. Globalization has come with numerous positive effects. However, according to a study by (Oxfam America, 2002), globalization has brought about several negative effects among them increased insecurity. However, the issue of insecurity and global terrorism has been a subject of concern leading to the establishment and empowerment of international police and UN peace forces according to a publication by the UN Security Council, 2006. 3.0 Research methodology Several research methodologies were used to collect the data for this study. The major method of data collection was reading the already published articles and academic materials on the same topic. Several online journals, books and academic papers were read to provide data for this research. The information from the existing literature was discussed by the group members to reach a consensus on what to include on the final report. You read "Effects Of Globalization On An Organization" in category "Essay examples" To help remain objective and focused on the study, several research questions were developed. To ensure data collected is relevant, representative and consistent with study under review, a careful sampling technique was developed in the distribution of questionnaires. Video call and social media interviews were also carefully reviewed to ensure that relevant candidates were interviewed. For the video call and social media interviews, people currently working in multinational firms were interviewed. Data collected from online books, academic papers and other forms of written sources were also carefully reviewed to ensure information retrieved is consistent with the subject. Interviews were another method used to collect data for this study. Social media interview via twitter to an employee of a multinational organization was organized whereby the respondent responded to several questions we posted to him. The aim of the interview was to establish some of the gains and challenges the firm experiences as a result of globalization. The responses were documented and used in the data analysis phase of the research. The questions asked were simple, clear and short to avoid confusing the respondents. Absolute care was taken to avoid open ended questions which could influence the respondent’s responses. Additional questions were posted to the same respondent via an internet call using Skype. Similarly, questions asked through this method were short, concise and structured to avoid influencing the responses. Questions and answers provided by the respondent were recorded and used for data analysis. Questionnaires were also developed for the above study. The questionnaires were developed and distributed randomly to several respondents within the college. A total number of 75 questionnaires were distributed, and the respondent’s responses used to analyze the data. The questionnaires were structured in such a way that they were concise, clear and short so as to avoid any confusion to the respondents. The interviewer was available upon request to aid clarifying issues where necessary, but very careful not to influence the respondents responses. A random sampling technique was used in the distribution of the questionnaires. A sampling factor aimed at achieving a 6% of total population representation in the college was developed and questionnaires developed and distributed. Based on the college population, 75 questionnaires were distributed representing a sampling factor of 6%. In order to ensure that all the students had an equal probability of being chosen as a sample, a random picking was employed within the population. This method therefore ensured that every student had an equal probability of being selected. Data collected from the questionnaires was used in data analysis. 3.1 The big questions The entire research was meant to establish the effects of globalization on an organization and all the questions asked to the respondents whether in the questionnaires or interviews were meant to answer that research question. In order to exhaustively cover the question, several other questions were developed to aid in the data collection. The questions were: What is globalization What are the causes of globalization Have you witnessed any global change in your lifetime How has globalization positively affected your life How has globalization negatively affected your life Which specific areas have improved as a result of globalization Which specific areas has globalization affected negatively How has globalization affected organizations in your locality What are some of the suggested solutions to the challenges associated with globalization 4.0 Analysis and findings 4.1 Data analysis From the responses, 57% of the respondents were for the opinion that globalization has a net positive influence to local organizations with 28% holding the opinion that globalization has net negative effects to the local firms. Of the total respondents, 15% were not sure whether the net effect of globalization has either negatively or positively affected local firms. The graphical representation of the respondents responses is demonstrated below. It was clear from the questionnaires that a majority of the respondents identified several areas as the biggest beneficiaries of globalization. The four major areas that have been positively affected by globalization are: – Foreign trade at 29% according to the respondents Labour mobility 24% from the data collected. Products and service standardization at 12% of the total respondents Infrastructure and transport at 35% of the total interviewed respodents It is necessary to note that this list is not exhaustive of all the responses the respondents gave but a summary of the major areas identified by the respondents. Areas like healthcare, sports, tourism, wildlife conservation and global peace initiatives were noted as having improved with globalization but had negligible percentages to be tabulated as compared to those represented below. The respondents had also the opportunity to identify several areas they thought globalization has negatively affected. The major areas identified were; Environment at 31% of the total responses Security at 12% of the total interviewed Employment at 12% of the respondents Marginalization of local firms at 24% of the responses Culture and tradition at 21% of the total data collected. Just like with the positive effects, the one’s represented by the bar graph above are not exhaustive of all the areas given by respondents but a summary of the major points raised. Terrorism, global recession, colonialism and illegal trade were identified as additional negative effects of globalization. 4.2 Findings 4.2.1Benefits of globalization Expanded markets From the above data, it was found out that most of the respondents perceived globalization as a positive move and supported it as long as it brings economic growth and expanded markets. It was clear that globalization has expanded the markets for organizations and therefore making them more productive and profitable. However, most organizations have been forced to restructure in order to produce globally acceptable products. The current growth in the infrastructure, internet and telecommunication sectors globally was identified as the primary reason for the expanded markets. Internet has been perceived as the greatest contributor to the reduced advertisement and marketing costs and therefore leading to reduced costs of the products. This has made such products competitive in the global markets. Free flow of labour Globalization has enabled free flow of labour and therefore able firms have been able to recruit the best talents in the world without boundaries. This has enabled the firms to be more productive. However, this opportunity has been misused resulting to brain drain in the developing countries. . Cases of workplace discrimination, child labour and slavery have also been reported in the current times and this has been attributed to globalization. Improved infrastructure In order to trade efficiently, countries have developed several world class infrastructures. International roads, railways, telephony, internet, ports, air ways have been developed and constantly improved to ensure convenience and safety in movement of goods, services and data across the globe. 4.2.2 Negative effects of globalization Environmental degradation From the respondents, globalization has resulted in over utilization of environmental resources resulting to environmental degradation. Marginalization of local firms As most of the multinationals relocate to the labour friendly countries especially in the developing countries, the existing local firms have either been acquired or economically crippled. This has negatively affected the economies of these countries. Unemployment As the multinational organization firms relocate to the developing countries, many jobs in the firm’s original home are lost as a result of such restructuring. Continuous relocation has been accused of destabilizing trade unions in developed countries therefore weakening their bargaining powers on behalf of their members. 5.0 Conclusion In conclusion, globalization has greatly affected the normal and strategic administration of organizations in the world today. Most of the organisations have been forced to restructure their normal working processes in order to satisfy the growing customer needs. Globalization has further opened global markets for products leading to increased productivity. Globalization has to a big extent led to industrialization in developing countries due to relocation of big organisations to such countries in search for cheap labour. This has consequently led to the creation of employment hence accelerating economic growth in these countries. Globalization has led to poverty reduction in the developing countries by helping in reducing the gap between the rich and the poor through creating job opportunities. (Adams, 2003) Apart from the many positive effects globalization has brought to organizations, there are several negative effects associated with it too. Some of the major effects include: – Environmental degradation Due to the expanded markets most of the natural resources have been over exploited resulting to degradation. Globalization has further accelerated industrialization which has led to over-establishment of industries above the nation’s carrying capacity leading to a net carbon production. The excess carbon emitted to the environment forms the component of the green-house gases, which have been ingredients of global warming. Loss of culture and traditions Most of the organizations have lost their culture and traditions because of the exposure to the global markets. In order to fit in the global markets, several local firms have been forced to restructure and invest in market research and innovative product development to satisfy the diverse customer needs. Loss of employment According to a UNCTAD, 1996 report, several workers in the developed countries have lost their employment in the restructuring processes within the organizations particularly in relation to relocating firms in the developing countries in search of cheap labour. Victimization of local small and medium enterprises Most of the relocated multinational firms use their financial power to victimize their competitors in their new countries. Lack of proper monitoring and policy formulation gives multi-nationals a competitive edge over their competitors forcing them into acquisition or insolvency (BoyerDrache, 1996). This study has tried to address the issue of globalization in the context of an organization. However, due to the scope of the subject the study has not covered the issue of globalization exhaustively. Numerous effects in relation to political, financial, economic and social implication of globalization have not been covered in this study. This research therefore leaves room for future study on the subject. 6.0 Recommendations Several recommendations are made in order to mitigate the negative effects of globalization and harness the positive influences. Some of the recommendations suggested from the study includes; Ensure full compliance to local and international law during establishment of multinational firms in the developing countries. This will ensure that the local labour and other resources are not exploited at the expense of their profits. Environmental issues are also addressed at this stage to avoid the establishment of industries that exceed the nation’s carrying capacity (FAO, 2004) Organizations should embrace the modern methods of advertisements and marketing through the internet and the social media to fully gain from the extensive global population. The firms should embrace technology as a tool for reducing cost of production. Mechanization would lead to reduced cost of labour hence producing competitive goods in the global markets. The global consuming market in the world is dynamic and therefore needs constant market research and surveys to ensure that the organizations products are relevant at all times. It is therefore recommended that the organizations embrace market research in order to remain relevant in the market (Klein, 2000). The local governments should endeavour to protect local firms from unhealthy competition from the multinationals. This can be implemented through government subsidies or tax rebates to the local small and medium firms in order to withstand competition from the multinationals Governments should open their markets through such innovative products like non-tariff barriers on products from integration members. This would encourage more trade between countries resulting to increased economic growth to the member countries. Monitoring of labour laws must be closely followed to guard against child labour and work place discrimination. Most of the multinationals established in the developing countries have been accused of child labour, slavery and work place discrimination. Such laws needs to be clearly monitored, and any firm contravening such should have their operating licenses revoked.(Black Brainerd, 2002) As the issue of globalization continues to develop, strong intellectual property rights, copyrights and patents monitoring needs to be done to avoid piracy or duplication of copyrighted materials. Such would ensure that firms would establish new markets in a foreign land without fears of copyright or patent infringement.(Thomas, 2000) 7.0 References Adams, Richard H. Jr. 2003. International migration, remittances, and the brain drain: A study of 24 labour-exporting countries. Policy Research Working Paper No. 3069 (May). Retrieved August, 16, 2013 from http://rosalinda.ingentaselect.com/wb/wpaperspdf/3069.pdf Black, Sandra E.; Brainerd, Elizabeth. 2002. Importing equalityThe impact of globalization on gender discrimination. NBER Working Paper No. 9110 (Aug.). Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved August, 15, 2013 from w9110.pdf Boyer, Robert; Drache, Daniel (eds.). 1996. States against markets: The limits of globalization. London: Routledge. Carr, M. Chen, M. A. 2001. Globalization and the informal economy: How global trade and investment impact on the working poor. International Labour Organization. Retrieved August, 15, 2013 from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_122053.pdf FAO .2004. Trends and Current Status of the Contribution of the Forest Sector to National Economies, FAO Working Paper FSFM/ACC/07. Forest Products and Economics Division, Rome: FAO.. Klein, N. 2000. No Logo. London: Harper Perennial. Oxfam America. 2002. Global finance hurts the poor: Analysis of the impact of North-Southprivate capital flows on growth, inequality and poverty. Boston: MA. Ritzer, G. 2000. The McDonaldization of Society. California: Pine Forge Press. Rodrik, Dani. 2001. The global governance of trade as if development really mattered. Background paper for the Trade and Sustainable Human Development Project, UNDP. New York: UNDP. Stiglitz, Joseph E. 2003. The roaring nineties: A new history of the world’s most prosperous decade. New York: W.W. Norton Company. Thomas, F. 2000. One Market Under God. London: Seeker Warburg. How to cite Effects Of Globalization On An Organization, Essay examples

The Concept of Globalization in Business

Question: Explain The concept of globalization in business. Answer: Research Problem The concept of globalization in business has continued since ages, as long as 200 BC. Globalization, in modern business, is also a vital concept, especially for the business of import and export. Globalization aids to provide increased number of customers with cheaper costs of production. Even small businesses can benefit from globalization by outsourcing its production activities. Even import and export activities can strengthen the business by increasing the selling activities globally (Lambregts, Beerepoot Kloosterman, 2015). In todays world, most of the countries are open to global business concepts and promotes international trade that causes exchange of services and goods throughout national jurisdictions (Hamilton Webster, 2015). Although there has been absolute involvement of various companies in globalization activities, but there has been limited knowledge among them regarding its impact and activity. Qualitative analysis is not sufficient to locate and analyze the proble m. Therefore, quantitative analysis is necessary. There existed a gap in the analysis by qualitative research as it only provided information about the nature and depth of the issues, but it never really provided any information about the measurement and statistical precision that is very much required for addressing a hypothesis. Primary research has been carried only to discuss the problem, but there has not have been sufficient to quantitatively analyze the problem. For this, several researchers like Ching, Ghosh and Meschi have carried out research work in teams to study the effect of globalization in business for import and export. Their study examined several parameters quantitatively for a deeper understanding of the issues, on a global setting. The purpose of the research is to focus on the impact of globalization on import and export on the developing economies. The present assignment has been carried out to understand the impact of globalization on import and export activities for completion of the degree. Previously, a qualitative analysis was carried out to understand the concept of the impact of globalization on modern business, but it gave an overview of the concept, without any numerical data or quantitative analysis of the findings. Therefore, further research has been carried out to explore the research the problem with a quantitative methodology for a better understanding of the concept with numerical justifications. Ching et al. (2011) carried out a quantitative study where the researchers had utilized a panel data method for evaluating the accession of China to the World Trade Organization. Data of time series for different countries have been collected for construction of the growth path for analyzing Chinas growth history. Data analysis revealed that from the year 2002 to 2007, the economic growth rate of China was raised by 2.4% with the growth rate for export by 13% and import by 18.89% annually due to globalization. A quantitative study was carried out by Ghosh Sur (2015) and according to the research, globalization of technology, information and knowledge have brought about changes in the production process and organization nature. Globalization has enabled the Indian economy to allow foreign direct investment by the multinational companies and has promoted RD expenditure by various foreign industries. Data has been collected from the database of Capitaline Corporate for 14 industries of India engaged in manufacturing. Data analysis was done by multiple regression analysis and lo linear model. The study concluded by stating that globalization has helped to broaden the scope of import and export of goods and technology that has resulted in the economic growth. Meschi, Taymaz Vivarelli (2016) carried out a quantitative analysis and the study aimed at examining the relationship interlinking technological up gradation with globalization that affected wages and employment opportunities for both the workers, skilled and unskilled in Turkey. Data collection was done from a database that was on the firm level within a dynamic framework with Turkey as the developing economy. Data analysis was done by empirical analysis method by using a model named GMM-SYS for 15,000 firms. The study resulted in stating that change in technology that is skill based and trade for enhancing skill was due to globalization that increased employment and increased the gap of wage between the unskilled and skilled workers. Research Purpose Quantitative analysis will be done to understand the effect of globalization on the various parameters and how it helped for the growth of their economy and increased employment opportunities. The research would focus on determining how outsourcing by the developing countries and their internal globalization policies has placed them among the developed economies globally. The present assignment will involve data collection by literature survey from various databases and information will be gathered from the various study participants. These participants will be the industries from different countries whose growth rate will be measured that resulted due to the impact of globalization on business. Research Questions Investigate the economic benefits of globalization on the growth history of a developed economy from the study background and literature review. Analyze the impact of globalization on the technological advancement of a developing economy. Carry out an analytical study to demonstrate the benefits of globalization on technology and labor market, by analyzing the data from various resources. Quantitative Research Methodology For the present assignment, descriptive research methodology will be most suitable as it helps to describe the present status of the identified variable. Various data analysis methodologies like ANOVA and regression analysis will be employed in the study. The variable, in this case, is the impact of globalization that is different for different economies and gives different results for variable parameters (Creswell, 2013). Descriptive methodology helps to provide systemic information regarding the research and data analysis helps to build up the hypothesis. The descriptive methodology can help to address the research problem and answer the research questions of the present assignment. Quantitative research methodology employs numbers for testing hypothesis, the predictions are made by using the measured amounts, and the events are described using figures. Using the numbers enables the researchers to use powerful and advanced statistical tests for ensuring that the tests possess a statistical relationship and are not based merely on observations and descriptions. References CHING, H. S., HSIAO, C., WAN, S. K., WANG, T. (2011). Economic benefits of globalization: The impact of entry to the wto on china's growth.Pacific Economic Review,16(3), 285-301. Creswell, J. W. (2013).Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Ghosh, B. B., Sur, D. (2015). The Impact of Globalization on India's Technology Regime: A Quantitative Exploration of India's Organized Manufacturing Industries.IUP Journal of Applied Economics,14(2), 7. Hamilton, L., Webster, P. (2015).The international business environment. Oxford University Press, USA. Lambregts, B., Beerepoot, N., Kloosterman, R. C. (Eds.). (2015).The Local Impact of Globalization in South and Southeast Asia: Offshore Business Processes in Services Industries. Routledge. Meschi, E., Taymaz, E., Vivarelli, M. (2016).Globalisation, technology and the labour market: A microeconometric analysis for Turkey(No. 026). United Nations University-Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT).

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Literature Chart- Monsters are Due on Maple Street

The Influence Writings of Benjamin Franklin essays

The Influence Writings of Benjamin Franklin essays The Influence Writings of Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin is one of the best-known figures in American history. His industrious rise to success, his role in this country's struggle for independence, and his investigations into the mysteries of electricity are among his famous accomplishments. Yet, his fame is due not only to these achievements but also to his remarkable ability to communicate his views and ideas effectively. A self-taught writer, Franklin immortalized himself with his book on electricity, his world-famous Autobiography and his role in drafting the Declaration of Independence. While Benjamin Franklin's contributions to many areas of American and international life, including science, politics, and social reform, are in themselves extraordinary; his writings are the key to his widespread and lasting influence. A large part of Benjamin Franklin's reputation rests upon his scientific writings. Eighteenth-century science was not divided into different specialized fields such as physics, geology, biology, and chemistry. Instead, there was only one broad area of study known as natural philosophy. Franklin, a brilliant natural philosopher, wrote about a wide range of scientific subjects, from meteorology to hypnotism. His studies gave scientific credibility to the field of electrostatics (the study of electric charges), influencing renowned scientists such as Count Alessandro Volta and Henry Cavendish and setting the course for all future development in the field (Crane 52). Within Franklin's studies, even individual words have been of great significance. For example, Franklin invented a number of electrical terms, such as "positive charge' and "negative charge," which are still used today. Franklin achieved even greater fame as a scientist through his personal correspondence with scientists across North American and Europe. This sharing of ideas, according to writer Verner Crane, helpe...

Graphic design( 100 years of art) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Graphic design( 100 years of art) - Essay Example This makes adjustments in art media and necessary design component in the embracing of modernity. In the world of art and media, modernity appears as a definition of evolving the nature of demand for items of art design and media. People are changing in many perspectives in line with the changes that occur in the environment (Murphie and Potts, 2003, p. 23). Either, the methods of production performance and utilization of art services is tremendously improving. The change experienced in these aspects leaves the fields of art a chance to evolve to suit the other changes that take place in these areas. It is in the deep roots of these changes that the term modernism is coined. In this, it represents the ever-changing trends in the society as the society moves along the time span. In the context of this modernism, people will tend to consume things that are in line with their concept of modernism (Murphie and Potts, 2003, p. 23). Therefore, in these arts, media and designs with a perception of not being modern are left without a market of consumption. The term Modernism traces back to the period of the 1850s. During this time, it formed the ground for acceptable to a particular period. As discussed above the condition is highly considerably dynamic. What was considered modern in a particular period will not be after some time. This is because the evolving and changing nature of innovations and technological which creates demand for the improvised forms of art (Murphie and Potts, 2003, p. 27). This makes modernism have features of continuous changes and denunciation of conservative values that will represent a realistic world. From the time of interception, the term has continuously changed to reflect the changes that occur in the society in terms of the art and design preferences. At a particular time, the term modernism will reflect the

Did humans kill off the Mega-fauna Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Did humans kill off the Mega-fauna - Essay Example The answer is difficult to know for sure, but it seems increasingly likely that human beings played a large role in the extinction of megafauna. The idea that human beings are responsible for the deaths of these large animals is a controversial one. There are other theories that lay out competing claims. As Floyd Largent writes in his article on comet impacts, these kinds of extinction events may be explained by the high impact collision of an extraterrestrial body. He describes a recently published theory that states, â€Å"a comet hit North America 12,900 years ago, dooming the Pleistocene megafauna and decimating the local human population† (Largent, 1). This may well have happened and be true. Indeed, huge numbers of megafauna may have died in this event. But the question we must ask ourselves is: does this theory fit the pattern that has begun to emerge over the last few years regarding the extinction of megafauna? Leaving judgment on this theory aside for the moment, it is useful to examine additional evidence that is somewhat related. According to recent studies, a massive climate shift occurred about 12,000 years ago that killed off massive amounts of the large animals in North America. In his article on the subject C. Vance Haynes canvases a number of theories. He looks at the possibility of a cosmic collision, massive climate change, and human hunters. However, he feels unable to come to a conclusion due to the proliferation of theories and the still undiscovered geochronological evidence. He does however say, â€Å"I remain skeptical of the ET impact hypothesis as the cause of the YD onset and the megafaunal extinction. However, I reiterate, something major happened at 10,900 B.P. that we have yet to understand† (Haynes, 6525). That is very nice, but not especially helpful. He believes humans had an impact, but were not the

Is Poetry Dangerous For Human Society Philosophy Essay

Is Poetry Dangerous For Human Society Philosophy Essay At first, one may be surprised at Socrates notion that the peaceful and enchanting nature of poetry can have detrimental effects on society. In Platos Republic, Socrates attacks poetry by asking the essential question of whether or not the pleasure that poetry creates is good for us. Socrates speaks of an old quarrel between philosophy and poetry, which both greatly influence ethics, politics, and society. Socrates criticizes well-known and praised poets, including Homer, and the role of poetry itself in society by claiming that poetry is unjust and unethical. For example, Socrates states, The ones Hesiod and Homer told us, and the other poets too. They surely composed false tales for human beings and used to tell them and still do tell them (Rep. 2.377d). Socrates believes poetry is not an appropriate because it is written without reason but by inspiration alone, teaches incorrect values, is merely an imitation, and encourages excessive emotions from those listening. Socrates begins his argument by discussing proper education of citizens in the just city. Socrates compares the poet to a man in speech making a bad representation of what gods and heroes are like, just as a painter who paints something that doesnt resemble the things whose likeness he wished to paint (Rep. 2.377e). Poets only write from their own inspiration, not from reason or through any deep intellectual understanding. Their work only shows understanding in the material realm and not of the intellectual realm. Socrates claims that these poems not only contain many fabrications of the truth but fabrications that are held up as model behavior. A young child that is in the process of receiving his education should not be exposed to these stories because a young thing cant judge what is hidden sense and what is not; but what he takes into his opinions at that age has a tendency to become hard to eradicate and unchangeable (Rep. 2.378d-e). Socrates continues to say that the stories that children hear first should be virtuous and portray the gods truthfully by describing them as good. In Homers Odyssesy, the gods, such as Zeus and Athena, are depicted as tricky and full of deceit; Socrates claims all of Homers references about the nature of the gods as false because the gods are not capable of evil doings and do not want to alter themselves because each of them is as fair and as good as possible, he remains forever simply in his own shape (Rep. 2.381c). For instance, Athena is depicted as the ultimate trickster throughout the Odyssey because she appears to mortals in different shapes and forms, specifically when interacting with Odysseus and Telemachus. According to Socrates, Athena is not capable of this trickery that Homer bestows to her but is only capable of justice and good deeds. However, the entire basis of the Odyssey is that Homer was divinely inspired shown through the narrator saying, Speak, Muse (Od. 1.1). T his statement implies that the Muse speaks through Homer to construct the stories that make up the Odyssey. Nevertheless, Socrates believes that such poetry should be censored from citizens to protect the just morals in the city. Since citizens find it difficult to distinguish between what is wrong and right, role-models of the just city should be completely moral. Socrates fears that the stories of gods punishing, tricking, and lying to mortals will have a disadvantageous affect on children who may begin to believe that these actions are correct or even good. The aim of censoring tales is to instill the belief in children that just actions are admirable while socially unjust actions are dishonorable. Socrates furthers to expand his argument greatly in Book III. Socrates claims that poetry invokes excessive emotion that is not in accordance with reason and analyzes the ethical and mental effects of poetry. Socrates begins by saying that tales should be shaped in a way that does not depict Hades as a place full of terror but rather to praise it, because what they say is neither true nor beneficial for men who are to be fighters (Rep. 3.386b-c). Socrates is making a reference to the famous meeting in the Odyssey of Odysseus and Achilles in Hades. Achilles says that he would rather be a hired hand back up on earth, slaving away for some poor dirt farmer, than lord it over all these withered dead (Od. 11.510-513). Fearing Hades more than slavery is seriously detrimental to the success of a guardian because the guardian will have trouble maintaining strength and loyalty to his people in battle. The idea of Hades should be expunged in Socrates view because it is false and is not benefic ial for guardians, who have to show immense courage in battle. Also, Socrates warns against powerful emotions with the guardians by saying that they shouldnt be lovers of laughter (Rep. 3.388e). Socrates wants the guardians to strive for complete moderation with their emotions in all aspects of their lives. Poetry that is censored by philosophy can maintain this balance in the guardians and citizens of the just city. Socrates knows that poetry is needed to invoke emotion, but philosophy is needed to keep those emotions in moderation. With the two in harmony, the citizens can live a content life of moderation. Having dealt with the content of poems, Socrates now discusses the style of poetry that poets take. Socrates characterizes poetic narration into narratives that are either simple, produced by imitation, or both together (Rep. 3.392d). When the poet speaks with his own voice without meter, as in dithyrambs, it is simple narrative; when the poet likens himself to another man, as in tragedies or comedies, it is imitative narration (Rep. 3.394c). Socrates believes that each person in the just city can only do their best work in one activity alone. Therefore, no one can do a good job imitating many things. For example, Socrates claims that one cannot be both a tragic poet and a comedic poet (Rep. 3.395b). Nevertheless, Socrates ends by insisting that the guardians must not engage in imitations. If they do, the imitations they engage in must be righteous and not detrimental to their development. Since imitations, if they are practiced continually from youth onwards, become established as h abits and nature, in body and sounds and in thought the guardian children should only be allowed to imitate those actions of men who are courageous, moderate, holy, free, and everything of the sort (Rep. 3.395c). Socrates continues in Book X to completely rid poets from the just city. Socrates claims that the poets do not truly know what they are writing about because they have no firsthand experience or knowledge about their writing. What poets write about are far from the truth and maim the thought of those who hear them (Rep. 10.595b). Socrates attacks poets by saying that the poet knows nothing worth mentioning about what he imitates (Rep.10.602b). Socrates holds philosophical nature to be far superior to imitative art. Then, Socrates criticizes poets, especially Homer, for their lack of knowledge upon the topics they write about and therefore lack of any knowledge that can be gained from reading their works. Socrates also does not approve of how poets imitate the soul. Poets describe excessive emotions and ones that are not rational or in moderation. The lamentation of heroes in poetry brings enjoyment to those who watch, but Socrates says when personal sorrow comes to one of us, you are aware that, on the contrary, we pride ourselves if we are able to keep quiet and bear up, taking this to be the part of a man and what we then praised to be that of a woman (Rep. 10.605e). Even if the character is a fictional one, taking enjoyment in anyones suffering can corrupt ones soul. Socrates emphasizes the danger of irrational emotions to ones soul when he states that: And as for sex, and spiritedness, too, and for all the desires, pains, and pleasures in the soul that we say follow all our action, poetic imitation produces similar results in us. For it fosters and waters them when they ought to be dried up, and sets them up as rulers in us when they ought to be ruled so that we may become better and happier instead of worse and more wretched. These desires grow in ones soul to the point where one begins to imitate the actions of those on stage, causing one to become more miserable and unhappy. One also cannot understand the pain that the characters are going through simply by watching them on stage. They must experience it firsthand to truly know the emotions felt by those portrayed by the poets. Despite the dangers poetry imposes, Socrates regrets ridding the city of all poetry. He says that only so much of poetry as is hymns to gods or celebration of good men should be admitted into a city (Rep. 10.607a). However, Socrates cannot use these forms of poetry to convince Glaucon of the importance of philosophy so he uses a reformed version of poetry with the myth of Er. The myth of Er describes the alternative that Socrates wants for Hades. The myth opens by describing a strong man named Er who died in war but came back to life twelve days after his death to tell others about the eternal world (Rep. 10.614b). In the myth, heaven is described as a place where virtue is rewarded and unjust deeds were paid for ten times over for each (Rep. 10.615a). People are rewarded or punished for their life deeds every thousand years, and then are given the opportunity to choose their form in their next life (Rep. 10.615a-620a). Socrates here integrates Homeric heroes into this story without emotion to prove that wisdom and knowledge is the best way to enrich ones soul. The correct choice for ones form in his next life is only discovered by those who were just while alive. Socrates portrays Odysseus, Ajax, and Agamemnon all as philosophers who choose their next life form wisely based on events of their past lives. The philosophers know how to choose their new life, because they understand what was just and unjust in their past lives. Socrates ends by giving Glaucon hope in the afterlife and telling him to always keep to the upper road and practice justice with prudence in every way so that we shall be friends to ourselves and the gods, both while we remain here and when we reap the rewards for it (Rep. 10.621d). This type of poetry is much different than Homeric poetry because it provides a deeper understanding of ones soul. It provides hope and knowledge without excessive emotion or immoral actions. Socrates was completely correct in challenging the nature of poetry because its ideals were not in agreement with the positive upbringing of mankind. The world remains fascinated with pleasures that poetry provides even if it does not better them intellectually. The emotions and drama of poetry is to what humanity appeals. Even though Socrates tries to give poetry a philosophical twist with the myth of Er, this kind of poetry is not as appealing because the emotions and suffering experienced by others is absent. Plainly, humans like to view the despair of others because it makes their troubles seem less daunting. One can obviously see that the ancient quarrel between philosophy and poetry is still alive to this day. For example, the music of this generation definitely has a superficial meaning, but no deeper philosophical message. Without philosophical messages in modern poetry, the world continues to decline in its search for knowledge and the eternal judgment of the soul. Socrates work still applies today and his wisdom will last through the ages. With the help of Socrates, the world can work towards being one that is full of both knowledge and eternal happiness.

The Birth of Protestantism in Europe

Protestantism refers to the third branch of Christianity after Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. It is comprised of various denominations or groups each with their own set of traditions. This set of traditions is oftentimes unique to a denomination in terms of beliefs, organization and customs making it separate from other Protestant denomination. This makes Protestantism seem splintered when compared with the very organized structure of Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. But one common belief among Protestant denominations is that man can find salvation not through good actions but solely by his faith in Jesus Christ.The first Protestants come out from Europe in the 16th century in what is now called the Reformation. The actual word â€Å"Protestant† was originally coined when five princes of Germany sought reform in the Roman Catholic Church at the Diet of Speyer in 1529. They released a statement pronouncing unity against Roman Catholicism. Later in that centur y, the word was begun to be used to refer to two factions of reformation that broke away from Roman Catholicism: Lutheranism, founded on Martin Luther’s teachings, and Reformed, founded on the philosophies of Huldrvch Zwingli and John Calvin (McKim, 2005).Zwingli and Calvin headed the Protestant movement in Switzerland while John Knox for Scotland. In England, a middle fusion of Protestantism and Roman Catholicism was created in what is now called Anglicanism or the Church of England. From these major groups or denominations, a lot of smaller groups broke away and presently continue to happen as the movement expanded around the world. By tradition, the origins of Protestantism is traced back to October 31, 1517 when Martin Luther, a Roman Catholic priest that time, posted the â€Å"95 Theses† on the door of a church in Wittenberg, Germany.The theses condemn aspects of the Roman Catholic Church that he believed to be not founded on Scripture particularly concerning abso lution, confession and indulgences. Roman Catholics believe on indulgence as the complete or initial reduction of mortal chastisement owed for sins previously forgiven in confession. The growing practice of selling indulgences was regarded with huge skepticism since it symbolized a monetary transaction instead of an authentic repentance of the person. Luther viewed this as a serious desecration of the real purpose of confessing one’s sins and doing penance.He asserted that Catholics were fallaciously taught that forgiveness can be obtained by paying for indulgences. The Castle Church where Luther nailed his 95 Theses possessed one of the continent’s biggest collections of religious relics at that time. It was maintained that time that viewing these sacred relics gives the onlooker some indulgence in purgatory. The collector of the relics, Frederick III of Saxony, allowed the religious to view the relics once a year and visitors offered donations for the church’s preservation and receive indulgences in return.Another Dominican priest, Johan Tetzel, started to sell indulgences to help in a campaign to help fund St. Peter’s Basilica’s renovation in Rome. When these devout Catholics went to confess their sins, they handed over their indulgences and asserted that they did not have to repent because the indulgence document already guaranteed the forgiveness of their sins. This angered Luther and obliged him in exposing the deception by composing the 95 Theses, which was originally intended to be presented in public debate at the University of Wittenberg.That day on October 31, 1517, was the day when Martin Luther spoke to the Roman Catholic authorities with his reform appeals and introduced his theses. He also asked them to order the members of the clergy to bring an end to the wrongful practice of selling indulgence. The church authorities did not take any action and this led Luther to circulate his work in private. His 95 Theses proliferated swiftly and printing began in Leipzig, Nuremberg and Basel. All of a sudden the content of his work reverberated all over Germany and beyond, having acquired a growing recognition in a short span of time.Luther’s work echoed with believers not considering social status, wealth or class. The Roman Catholic Church released a response and identified errors in Luther’s work but the damage was already done. The Wittenberg chapel started to celebrate Lutheran services in 1522 instead of the Holy Mass in Roman Catholicism. Martin Luther quickly became popular mainly because of the common sentiment of Roman Catholic believers that time that they were not satisfied with the dishonesty and materialistic cravings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church.Starting in 1525, other principal European cities like Strasbourg, Nuremberg and Augsburg, officially joined the Reformation movement. Soon after, other principal German states like Saxony, Brandenburg and Hesse joi ned the movement. Denmark established its first Protestant church in 1357 and Sweden followed in 1539. Meanwhile, the final attempt to formally reconcile with the Roman Catholic Church fell short at the Colloquy of Regensburg in 1540 (Iserloh, 1968). The founding of Protestantism was then regarded as fully accomplished.

Positive functions for society Essay

The family was once described as a social group that shared common residence, consisted of at least two adults of each sex that maintained a socially approved sexual relationship and had one or more children, their own or adopted. This is a nuclear family, described by George Murdoch to be a universal family type. Although it is correct to say that nuclear families reside universally, family types now vary from single-parent families to gay headed families. Despite the variety, they contribute to the society, in ways that can be positive and negative too. Many sociologists differ in their views as to whether the family is positive to the society or not- functionalists believe that the family has positive functions that contribute positively to the society but it has to be said that functionalists tend to ignore negative aspects of the family such as the ‘dark side’, which consists of all that makes the family a negative experience for its members. Nevertheless there are sociologists that focus on only the negative aspects, such as, radical psychiatrists, radical feminists and Marxists. The new right theory has faith that family is a positive function of the society, however new rights only refer to nuclear families, as they believe that any other family type is inferior. Functionalism is a consensus theory which looks at society positively. Functionalists often make an organic analogy, as a human body is maintained by the functions of each part of a body, keeping it alive and healthy, similarly, and society is kept going by its institutions- family being one of the institutions which function to sustain the well-being of society. It is recognised by functionalists that families change themselves over time for the sake of adapting to society, an exemplar would be leading functionalist Emile Durkheim who strongly believed that family was the most important institution of society. Durkheim believed that family positively functioned for both individuals and society. The family, he believed, is the institution that offers its members emotional support, stability and gives them their identity as primary socialisers, and to an extent, teaches them how they should act toward the rest of society. Thus he proves that they perform a positive function to society too, as they provide fundamental social order and stability, which helps to prevent the society from becoming disordered. Talcott Parson’s was a functionalist who analysed the families  from a modern perspective and came to a conclusion that although families have less functions, as they are provided with help from outside agencies, they still perform two important functions which determine the actions within a society. These two functions focus on individuals- the first being the socialisation of children primarily, into the responsible, committed individuals that society can benefit from and the second is the stabilisation of adult personalities, as he stated that it was family who help ease away tensions of the modern world, particularly for male workers. He also believed that these functions were best found in nuclear families, where the clear sexual division in labour enabled wives to partake an expressive role while men held an instrumental role. However, there are functionalists like Fletcher who believe that family has not decreased their functions, he explains how the family do not just perform the apparent obvious functions of primary socialisation, social control and reproduction but they also play a role in providing basic education and support through school life and they still have an economic function because they provide support to their non-working members, whether they are un-fit to work, ill or unemployed and ultimately, family supplies the whole economy with workers. The functionalism theory sheds light on the positive aspects of family life which all contribute to the society positively. Each functionalist has consistently mentioned a vital performance that families partake- the primary socialisation of children. During this stage a child learns about his/her culture and is most likely to be taught the norms and values of their society. Primary socialisation is a vital performance which is done by the family, as a child is expected to have acknowledgement of the norms and values in order to adjust with the society they live in. Although the functionalist theory does not look at the negative aspects of the family there are others that do. It can only be assumed that the functionalist view was patriarchal- the belief that men are dominate. This assumption is only representative of Parson as he introduced the warm bath theory, whereby he suggested that it was men that had a hard day at work and their wives (women) stayed at home and made them feel better when the husbands came home. Radical feminists are those who focus on this discrimination and have firm belief that the world is wrongly dominated by  men. They believe that patriarchal ideology gives women a perception that motherhood is their natural role whereas it actually keeps women subservient to men. They express how women have at least a dual role but most have a ‘triple burden’ which consists of the roles of a paid worker, a mother and a housewife. The Marxist theory characterises the society as being one that exploits and subordinates the working class. They argue that the family only benefits capitalists as they produce the working class, teach their children to accept capitalist values when primarily socialising them, which are to hard work, accepting and respecting authority, and it is the family that makes their members feel that capitalism is the norm. Radical psychiatrists on the other hand, argue that the family as a whole is a deception. Clinical evidence proves that families suffer exploitation, oppression and a negative experience. The modern family is so ‘independent’ that it leads to emotional stress between the members. They disagree with functionalists and say that families actually spend too much time trying to please others by doing what they are expected to do, which prevents them from having autonomy. Thus if someone did something wrong it would lead to shame, guilt and repression. This leads to the’ dark side’ to a family which includes abuse to children and domestic violence to both men and women. Child abuse consists of, physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse and neglect. A CPS report showed that five to six children died each day in 2001 due to child abuse or neglect. Approximately 84% of the children were abused by their parents and mothers alone were responsible for 47% of the neglect and 32% of the abuse. Domestic violence is also increasing the UK’s crime rate and accounts for a quarter of the murders in the UK. Domestic violence is all the violence that occurs between partners. Not only does it account for physical violence but sexual and emotional abuse too. Although it is considered a crime against women because they are twice as likely to be threatened and injured, men are also violated against- a study conducted at the Leicester Infirmary in 1992 concluded that equal numbers of men and women were being assaulted at home and that men received more serious injuries, losing consciousness more often than women. It may be so that the family as individuals may be affected more if they suffer these negative experiences however, it may also affect the society because one’s participation to society will become effortless regardless of the way they contribute, for examples if they are a student,  they will not work hard, if they are a worker, they will be less. Nevertheless there are 400 refuges around the UK and any help lines to support those that are suffering. There are different views of the family that that highlight how they function in society and towards individuals. Functionalism is the main theory that promotes the positive aspects of a family and reflects the positive contributions a family makes towards society by performing essential functions such as reproduction, primary socialisation and social control. There are also many theories that focus on the negative aspects of the family- the things that make family a bad function of society. However, it has to be said that all the theory’s are correct if read from the perspective that they are written in. Thus, although the family does have a ‘dark side’ and may not comply with all theorists, such as radical psychiatrists and radical feminists, they still manage to uphold the main functions, that is to reproduce, socialise with individuals and support their family members.

A History of Camels in the US Army

A plan by the U.S. Army to import camels in the 1850s and use them to travel through vast stretches of the Southwest seems like some comical legend that never could have happened. Yet it did. Camels were imported from the Middle East by a U.S. Navy ship and used in expeditions in Texas and California. And for a time the project was thought to hold enormous promise. The project to acquire camels was masterminded by Jefferson Davis, a powerful political figure in 1850s Washington who would later become the president of the Confederate States of America. Davis, serving as secretary of war in the cabinet of President Franklin Pierce, was not a stranger to scientific experiments, as he also served on the board of the Smithsonian Institution. And the use of camels in America appealed to Davis because the War Department had a  serious problem to solve. Following the end of the Mexican War, the United States acquired vast tracts of unexplored land in the Southwest. And there simply was no practical way to travel in the region. In present day Arizona and New Mexico there were virtually no roads. And going off any existing trails meant venturing into country with forbidding terrain ranging from deserts to mountains. Water and pasturage options for horses, mules, or oxen were non-existent or, at best, hard to locate. The camel, with its reputation for being able to survive in rough conditions, seemed to make scientific sense. And at least one officer in the U.S. Army had advocated for the use of camels during military campaigns against the Seminole tribe in Florida in the 1830s. Perhaps what made camels seem like a serious military option were reports from the Crimean War. Some of the armies engaged used camels as pack animals, and they were reputed to be stronger and more reliable than horses or mules. As leaders of the American military often tried to learn from European counterparts, French and Russian armies deploying camels in a war zone must have given the idea an air of practicality. Moving the Camel Project Through Congress An officer in the U.S. Armys quartermaster corps, George H. Crosman, first proposed the use of camels in the 1830s. He thought the animals would be useful in supplying troops fighting in the rough conditions of Florida. Crosmans proposal went nowhere in the Army bureaucracy, though it apparently was talked about enough that others found it intriguing. Jefferson Davis, a West Point graduate who spent a decade serving in frontier Army outposts, became interested in the use of camels. And when he joined the administration of Franklin Pierce he was able to advance the idea. Secretary of War Davis submitted a lengthy report which took up more than an entire page of the New York Times of December 9, 1853. Buried in his various requests for Congressional funding are several paragraphs in which he made the case for appropriations for study the military use of camels. The passage indicates that Davis had been learning about camels, and was familiar with two types, the one-humped dromedary (often called the Arabian camel) and the two-humped central Asian camel (often called the Bactrian camel): On the older continents, in regions reaching from the torrid to the frozen zones, embracing arid plains and precipitous mountains covered with snow, camels are used with the best results. They are the means of transportation and communication in the immense commercial intercourse with Central Asia. From the mountains of Circassia to the plains of India, they have been used for various military purposes, to transmit dispatches, to transport supplies, to draw ordnance, and as a substitute for dragoon horses.Napoleon, when in Egypt, used with marked success the dromedary, a fleet variety of the same animal, in subduing the Arabs, whose habits and country were very similar to those of the mounted Indians of our Western plain. I learn, from what is believed to be reliable authority, that France is about again to adopt the dromedary in Algeria, for a similar service to that in which they were so successfully used in Egypt.For like military purposes, for express and for reconnaissances, it is believed the dromedary would supply a want now seriously felt in our service; and for transportation with troops rapidly moving across the country, the camel, it is believed, would remove an obstacle which now serves greatly to diminish the value and efficiency of out troops on the western frontier.For these considerations it is respectfully submitted that the necessary provision be made for the introduction of a sufficient number of both varieties of this animal to test its value and adaptation to our country and our service. It took more than a year for the request to become a reality, but on March 3, 1855, Davis got his wish. A military appropriations bill included $30,000 to fund the purchase of camels and a program to test their usefulness in Americas southwestern territories. With any skepticism tossed aside, the camel project was suddenly given considerable priority within the military. A rising young naval officer, Lieutenant David Porter, was assigned to command the ship sent to bring back the camels from the Middle East. Porter would go on to play a critical role in the Union Navy in the  Civil War, and as Admiral Porter he would become a revered figure in late 19th century America. The U.S. Army officer assigned to learn about camels and acquire them, Major Henry C. Wayne, was a West Point graduate who had been decorated for valor in the Mexican War. He later served in the Confederate Army during the Civil War. The Naval Voyage to Acquire Camels Jefferson Davis moved quickly. He issued orders to Major Wayne, directing him to proceed to London and Paris and seek out experts on camels. Davis also secured the use of a U.S. Navy transport ship, USS Supply, which would sail to the Mediterranean under the command of Lt. Porter. The two officers would rendezvous and then sail to various Middle Eastern locations in search of camels to purchase. On May 19, 1855, Major Wayne departed New York for England aboard a passenger ship. The USS Supply, which had been specially outfitted with stalls for camels and a supply of hay, left the Brooklyn Navy Yard the following week. In England, Major Wayne was greeted by the American consul, future president James Buchanan. Wayne visited the London zoo and learned what he could about the care of camels. Moving on to Paris, he met with French military officers who had knowledge of using camels for military purposes. On July 4, 1855, Wayne wrote a lengthy letter to Secretary of War Davis detailing what he had learned during his crash course in camels. By the end of July Wayne and Porter had met up. On July 30, aboard USS Supply, they sailed for Tunisia, where an American diplomat arranged a meeting with the countrys leader, the Bey, Mohammad Pasha. The Tunisian leader, when hearing that Wayne had bought a camel, presented him with a gift of two more camels. On August 10, 1855, Wayne wrote to Jefferson Davis from about the Supply, anchored in the Gulf of Tunis, reporting that three camels were safely aboard the ship. For the following seven months the two officers sailed from port to port in the Mediterranean, endeavoring to obtain camels. Every few weeks they would send highly detailed letters back to Jefferson Davis in Washington, detailing their latest adventures. Making stops in Egypt, present day Syria, and the Crimea, Wayne and Porter became fairly proficient camel traders. At times they were sold camels which exhibited signs of ill-health. In Egypt a government official tried to give them camels which the Americans recognized as poor specimens. Two camels they wanted to dispose of were sold to a butcher in Cairo. By the beginning of 1856 the hold of USS Supply was filling up with camels. Lieutenant Porter had designed a special small boat which contained a box, dubbed the camel car, which was used to ferry camels from land to the ship. The camel car would be hoisted aboard, and lowered down to the deck used to house the camels. By February 1856 the ship, carrying 31 camels and two calves, set sail for America. Also aboard and headed to Texas were three Arabs and two Turks, who had been hired to help tend to the camels. The trip across the Atlantic was plagued by bad weather, but the camels were finally landed in Texas in early May 1856. As only a portion of the Congressional expenditure had been spent, Secretary of War Davis directed Lieutenant Porter to return to the Mediterranean aboard USS Supply and bring back another load of camels. Major Wayne would remain in Texas, testing the initial group. Camels in Texas During the summer of 1856 Major Wayne marched the camels from the port of Indianola to San Antonio. From there they proceeded to an army outpost, Camp Verde, about 60 miles southwest of San Antonio. Major Wayne began using the camels for routine jobs, such as shuttling supplies from San Antonio to the fort. He discovered the camels could carry much more weight than pack mules, and with the proper instruction soldiers had little problem handling them. When Lieutenant Porter returned from his second voyage, bringing an additional 44 animals, the total herd was about 70 camels of various types. (Some calves had been born and were thriving, though some adult camels had died.) The experiments with camels at Camp Verde were considered a success by Jefferson Davis, who prepared a comprehensive report on the project, which was published as a book in 1857. But when Franklin Pierce left office and James Buchanan became president in March 1857, Davis left the War Department. The new secretary of war, John B. Floyd, was convinced the project was practical, and sought Congressional appropriations to purchase an additional 1,000 camels. But his idea received no support on Capitol Hill. The U.S. Army never imported camels beyond the two shiploads brought back by Lieutenant Porter. Legacy of the Camel Corps The late 1850s was not a good time for a military experiment. The Congress was becoming increasingly fixated on the nations impending split over slavery. The great patron of the camel experiment, Jefferson Davis, returned to the U.S. Senate, representing Mississippi. As the nation moved closer to Civil War, its likely the last thing on his mind was the importation of camels. In Texas, the Camel Corps remained, but the once promising project encountered problems. Some of the camels were sent to remote outposts, to be used as pack animals, but some soldiers disliked using them. And there were problems stabling the camels near horses, who became agitated by their presence. In late 1857 an Army Lieutenant named Edward Beale was assigned to make a wagon road from a fort in New Mexico to California. Beale used about 20 camels, along with other pack animals, and reported that the camels performed very well. For the next few years Lieutenant Beale used camels during exploratory expeditions in the Southwest. And as the Civil War began his contingent of camels was stationed in California. Though the Civil War was known for some innovative experiments, such as the Balloon Corps, Lincolns use of the telegraph, and inventions such as ironclads, no one revived the idea of using camels in the military. The camels in Texas mostly fell into Confederate hands, and seemed to serve no military purpose during the Civil War. It is believed most of them were sold to traders and wound up in the hands of circuses in Mexico. In 1864 the federal herd of camels in California was sold to a businessman who then sold them to zoos and traveling shows. Some camels were apparently released into the wild in the Southwest, and for years cavalry troops would occasionally report seeing small groups of wild camels.